INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH Dogs have an adaptation for human communication

Using wolves for comparison, researchers found that dogs need humans more.
By ROB STEIN
WASHINGTON POST
As any poodle, spaniel or mutt owner knows, dogs have an uncanny ability to read human body language, whether it's following a finger pointing the way to an errant tennis ball or spotting a glance that signals an imminent trip to the park.
But animal behavior experts have debated for years how much of this dogged perceptiveness is inborn and how much is learned by being raised among humans. New research, however, indicates that the capacity to communicate with humans silently through gestures and glances has become an inborn talent as a result of the thousands of years that dogs have lived, worked and played with people.
"They don't speak like we do, but there is communication," said Adam Miklosi of Eotvos University in Budapest, Hungary.
Miklosi is among researchers around the world who have been working to gain a better understanding of the talents displayed by man's best friend. Most recently, Miklosi and his colleagues conducted a unique experiment to try to tease out exactly how much of the capacity to interpret humans' subtle signals is instinctive.
"People usually assume that dogs got more stupid because humans provided everything," Miklosi said. "All they have to do is lie back and enjoy life. What we think is that dogs went through a re-evolution that started from some sort of wolf-like animals. ... They acquired skills that make them adaptive to the human environment. They interact with humans. They learn from humans."
Testing their idea
To test his ideas, Miklosi and his colleagues designed an experiment comparing dogs with their closest relatives -- wolves. They took 13 wolf pups from their mothers when they were just four or five days old and raised them in human homes just like puppies. As adults, the wolves received intensive contact with their human caretakers, who literally carried the animals with them wherever they went.
Previous studies had shown that adult dogs were better than adult wolves at reading human body language. But it was unclear how much of that was inborn and how much dogs learned growing up among humans. This experiment was aimed at clarifying that point.
"The wolves got more human contact than the ordinary dogs got from their owners," Miklosi said in a telephone interview. "They were really thrown into the human environment."
Interesting results
The researchers then trained the wolves and various breeds of dogs to get a piece of meat by pulling on a string. After the animals learned how to get the meat, the researchers attached the string so that no matter how hard the animals pulled they could not get the meat.
The wolves just continued to pull on the string in frustration. But the dogs quickly stopped pulling when the string did not move and turned to look at the faces of the humans, the researchers reported in the journal Current Biology.
"The dogs gave up much earlier," Miklosi said. "They were, very quickly, looking at the humans, the owners, looking at their faces. That is what is interesting. That never happened with the wolves. They just kept pulling. But the dogs, what they did was basically look at the owners. If you observe this as a human, you would describe it as an asking-for-help gesture."
The experiment shows that "the dogs have adapted to use this channel" of communication, Miklosi said.
"This has provided the opportunity to communicate with us," he said. "And the wolves have not."